What is a tracheostomy?
A tracheostomy is a hole in the neck that allows people to breathe. The hole goes directly into the trachea (windpipe) and connects to the lungs. This simple surgery is sometimes done as an emergency.
The terms tracheostomy and tracheotomy are often used the same way. Tracheotomy is the name for the operation, but tracheostomy refers to the actual opening in the neck.
Why does a tracheostomy need to be done?
There are several situations when someone might need a tracheostomy.
If someone is unable to breathe because of a facial injury or a throat blockage, an emergency tracheostomy is done to allow breathing.
In other cases, a hospital patient may need a ventilator (mechanical breathing machine, also known as a respirator) for a few weeks or longer. Usually, a plastic breathing tube comes from the mouth or nose and connects to the ventilator. Because the breathing tube could damage the mouth and throat over time (including the voice box), a tracheostomy may be done. By putting a hole directly in the neck, the mouth and throat can be left alone.
How is a tracheostomy performed?
After you're put to sleep (under general anesthesia), a surgeon makes a small cut in your neck. Another small cut is made in the trachea. Then a plastic tracheostomy tube is placed. There are many different types and sizes of tubes. The opening of the tube comes out of the neck, and a flexible strap goes around the neck and holds the tube in place.
The hole can be temporary or permanent. Surgery can be done to close the hole if it's no longer needed.
How long does the procedure take?
The surgery is short and usually takes less than an hour. In an emergency, it can be done in a few minutes.
What are the risks?
The operation is considered low risk, so major problems are rare. Bleeding and infection are possible at the incision. The risk of injury to other organs is very small.
Although a tracheostomy prevents you from speaking, there are caps and valves that can cover the opening of the tube so you can talk.
