Definition
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a fast-growing type of lung cancer. It tends to spread much more quickly than non-small cell lung cancer.
There are three different types of small cell lung cancer:
- Small cell carcinoma (oat cell cancer)
- Mixed small cell/large cell carcinoma
- Combined small cell carcinoma
Most small cell lung cancers are the oat cell type.
Alternative Names
Cancer - lung - small cell; Small cell lung cancer; SCLC
Causes, incidence, and risk factors
About 15% of all lung cancer cases are small cell lung cancer. Small cell lung cancer is slightly more common in men than women.
Smoking almost always causes small cell lung cancer. This type of lung cancer is rare in those who have never smoked.
Small cell is the most aggressive form of lung cancer. It usually starts in the air tubes (bronchi) in the center of the chest. Although the cancer cells are small, they grow quickly and create large tumors. These tumors can rapidly spread to other parts of the body, including the brain, liver, and bone.
Symptoms
Other symptoms that may occur with this disease:
Signs and tests
The health care provider will perform a physical exam and ask questions about your medical history. You will be asked if you smoke, and if so, how long you have smoked.
When listening to the chest with a stethoscope, the health care provider can sometimes hear fluid around the lungs. This could (but does not always) suggest cancer.
Small cell lung cancer has usually spread by the time it is diagnosed.
Tests that may be performed include:
In some cases, the health care provider may need to remove a piece of tissue from your lungs for examination under a microscope. This is called a biopsy. There are several ways to do this:
Usually, if a biopsy reveals cancer, more imaging tests are done to find out the stage of the cancer. (Stage means how big the tumor is and how far it has spread.) However, the traditional staging system, which uses numbers to tell how bad the cancer is, is usually not used for patients with SCLC. Instead, SCLC is grouped as either:
- Limited (cancer is only in the chest and can be treated with radiation therapy)
- Extensive (cancer has spread outside the chest)
Most cases are extensive.
Treatment
Because small cell lung cancer spreads quickly throughout the body, treatment must include cancer-killing drugs (chemotherapy) taken by mouth or injected into the body. Chemotherapy may be combined with high-powered x-rays (radiation therapy).
Surgery is rarely used to treat small cell lung cancer. It is only considered if it is limited small cell lung cancer with only one tumor that hasn't spread. Chemotherapy or radiation will be needed after surgery. However, because the disease has usually spread by the time it is diagnosed, very few patients with small cell lung cancer are candidates for surgery.
Combination chemotherapy and radiation treatment is given to people with extensive small cell lung cancer. However, the treatment only helps relieve symptoms. It does not cure the disease.
Some patients with limited small cell lung cancer may receive radiation therapy to the head after they have completed treatment for the lung area. This method, called prophylactic cranial irradiation (PCI), helps prevent any lung cancer from spreading to the brain.
Support Groups
Expectations (prognosis)
How well you do depends on how much the lung cancer has spread.
Without treatment, the average survival is 2 -4 months. Treatment can often prolong life to 6 - 12 months in patients with extensive disease. About 10% of patients with limited spread will show no evidence of cancer at 2 years.
This type of cancer is very deadly. Only about 6% of people with this type of cancer are still alive after 5 years.
Complications
Calling your health care provider
Call your health care provider if you have symptoms of lung cancer (particularly if you smoke).
Prevention
If you smoke, stop smoking. It's never too early to quit. Try to avoid secondhand smoke.
Routine screening for lung cancer is not recommended. Many studies have been done to look at the idea, but scientists have concluded that, at this time, screening would not help improve a person's chance for a cure.
References
American Cancer Society. Cancer Facts and Figures 2006. Atlanta, Ga: American Cancer Society; 2006.
U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Lung cancer screening. Ann Int Med. 2004;140:738-739.
Abeloff MD, Armitage JO, Niederhuber JE, Kastan MB, McKena WG. Clinical Oncology. 3rd ed. Orlando, Fl: Churchill Livingstone; 2004:1708-1722.
Jackman DM, Johnson BE. Small-cell lung cancer. Lancet. 2005;366:1385-1396.
